- English law historically has a deep body of case law on maritime and shipping disputes, providing more legal certainty (or at least predictability) for some parties.
- Parties often regard English courts or London maritime arbitration as experienced and specialized in yachting and shipping matters.
- The MYBA charter contract template are therefore often claimed to be recognized international “standard form” in the yacht chartering industry. Brokers, owners, captains, and charterers worldwide are claimed to be familiar with its layout, terms, and usage and prefer such standardized documentation to reduce drafting time. But this is a poor argument as the named mostly do not understand the contract content and its consequences and they do not legally research the individual case and think about the consequences of using such a template without a proof of fit! Use in absence of proof!
My Legal & Contracting View on the Matter:
Real-World Example Scenario
- Situation for an example: A Croatian operator (owner or agent) charters a yacht to a private German individual (consumer) cruising in Spain.
- The Contract: A MYBA standard form, governed by English law, with arbitration or court jurisdiction in England.
In practice, each element here—parties, location, and law—are from different jurisdictions, BUT in the EU.
Yet, such parties might use the MYBA form because it is what the yacht chartering industry “defaults” to. This does not come without risks.
Key Risks of Using a Non-EU (English Law) Contract in EU Waters
- Conflict with Mandatory Local (EU) Consumer Protections
- If the charterer is – most cases – a private consumer (in the example, a German citizen), EU consumer protection laws—especially from the consumer’s home jurisdiction or the place of performance—can override certain contractual provisions.
- English law provisions on liability limits, cancellation terms, or dispute resolution clauses may be invalidated if they contradict mandatory EU consumer rules or local “public policy” standards.
- Dispute Resolution and Enforcement Complications
- Post-Brexit Enforcement: Before Brexit, an English court judgment was readily enforceable throughout the EU under the Brussels Recast Regulation. Post-Brexit, enforcement often requires separate procedures under each EU state’s national laws or other international instruments (e.g., the Hague Choice of Court Convention, if applicable). This can be more costly and time-consuming.
- Jurisdiction Challenges: Even if the MYBA contract has an exclusive English jurisdiction or arbitration clause, a local court (e.g., in Spain or Germany) may assert jurisdiction if it decides local consumer or maritime rules are overriding. This leads to the risk of parallel proceedings or refusal to recognize English judgments if local rules on consumer protection or maritime safety are implicated.
- VAT and Tax Uncertainties
- Yacht charters within the EU are subject to various VAT rules depending on the place of supply, the yacht’s flag, and specific local regulations. The MYBA contract’s boilerplate on VAT may not reflect Spanish (or other EU states’) nuanced requirements.
- If the contract is under English law without thorough local tax structuring, it might omit essential references or disclaimers on VAT liability, leading to unexpected liabilities or disputes with local tax authorities.
- Local Maritime Regulations and Licensing
- Spain or Croatia e.g. may require specific licensing, local agency representation, or operational permits for commercial yacht charters. Those requirements come from local or EU regulations (e.g., concerning passenger safety, crew certifications, pollution control).
- A standard MYBA contract does not typically account for all local operational requirements; if the contract is silent or misaligned with local law, certain clauses might be unenforceable or could expose the operator to penalties.
- Potential for Unfair Terms Challenges
- In many EU jurisdictions, especially with a consumer party, courts can strike down “unfair contract terms.”
- Although the MYBA contract is widely used, some of its liability clauses or default/cancellation penalties might be viewed as excessive or insufficiently clear under local consumer protection legislation—thereby risking partial invalidation in a legal dispute.
- Layered Complexity for Both Parties
- If a dispute arises, you might face multi-layered legal complexity: Here in the case: English law for the contract terms, Spanish or other local laws for enforcement or mandatory regulations, and the German consumer’s laws for consumer protections.
- This multi-jurisdictional patchwork can lead to legal uncertainty, increased costs, and time delays.
Structural Differences Between Common Law Contracts and Civil Law Requirements
- Conceptual Framework
- In common law jurisdictions (such as England & Wales), much of contract law has evolved through case law and focuses on parties’ freedom to contract—with a more general approach to issues like good faith, warranties, indemnities, and liability caps.
- In civil law jurisdictions (like those in most EU member states), key principles are codified in statutes or codes. Certain contractual constructs recognized in English law may not map easily onto continental civil codes. For instance, penalty clauses, limitation-of-liability provisions, and implied duties of good faith can be significantly different or subject to mandatory rules under various EU countries’ civil codes.
- Mandatory or Prohibited Clauses
- Even if parties attempt to amend the MYBA contract with local-law “riders,” they often face mandatory local law that might automatically override or nullify certain clauses. This is especially critical with consumer contracts, where consumer protection rules can render entire sections of a standard form void if they are deemed “unfair” (pursuant to EU consumer directives transposed into national laws).
- Difficulty in Harmonizing Terminology and Legal Constructs
- Certain English-law terms and concepts (e.g., “indemnity,” “consequential loss,” “warranty versus condition or legal guarantee,” etc.) do not always have a direct equivalent in civil law systems. Translating or “transposing” them can lead to ambiguity or misapplication in litigation before a civil law court.
- Courts in civil law jurisdictions tend to rely less on negotiating history or case law precedent to interpret ambiguous clauses and more on statutory interpretation, mandatory code provisions, and directives on unfair contract terms.
Consumer Protection Under Rome I (Article 6)
- Overriding Mandatory Protection for Consumers
- Article 6(1) of the Rome I Regulation provides that consumer contracts are governed by the law of the consumer’s habitual residence if (i) the professional pursues (or directs) commercial activities in that consumer’s state or (ii) the contract in question falls within such activities.
- If the parties choose a different law (e.g., English law in a MYBA form), that choice cannot deprive the consumer of the protection afforded by the mandatory provisions of the consumer’s habitual residence law. In practical terms, a German consumer entering into a yacht charter would still benefit from the mandatory German consumer protections—even if the written contract says “This Agreement is governed by English law.”
- Practical Consequences
- Limitations on liability, disclaimers of warranty, or binding arbitration clauses that might be enforceable under English law can be rendered unenforceable if they conflict with the stronger consumer protections under German (or other national) law.
- Attempts to adapt or rewrite the standard MYBA contract with disclaimers will not circumvent the mandatory consumer protections that the consumer would have in her/his home jurisdiction.
Jurisdiction, Litigation, and Brussels I (Recast) Regulation
- Consumer’s Right to Sue Locally
- Under the Brussels I (Recast) Regulation (Regulation (EU) 1215/2012), consumers typically have the right to bring proceedings against the professional (supplier of services) in the courts of the consumer’s domicile.
- A contractual clause conferring exclusive jurisdiction on the English courts or mandating arbitration in London often cannot be enforced against a consumer who is protected by these EU rules. Thus, even if the contract states “all disputes shall be resolved under the LMAA in London,” the consumer can frequently still sue the operator in the courts of the consumer’s home state (e.g., Germany), bypassing the contract’s forum selection.
- Post-Brexit Enforcement Complications
- If the professional obtains an English court judgment or English arbitration award, enforcement in the EU is no longer automatic as it was under the Brussels Recast Regulation pre-Brexit.
- For arbitration, the New York Convention can help but still requires local enforcement proceedings, which may assess consumer protection arguments anew. For English court judgments, local recognition rules (and possible public policy exceptions) in the EU state may impede or complicate enforcement, especially if consumer protection issues are at stake.
Why “Adapting” a Common Law Contract May Not Suffice
- Inherent Unfairness Risk (EU Consumer Law)
- The EU’s Unfair Contract Terms Directive (93/13/EEC) and national implementing laws empower courts or authorities to strike down unfair terms in consumer contracts. Common law concepts (like wide-ranging indemnities or disclaimers) are prime targets if they undermine the consumer’s statutory rights.
- Merely inserting disclaimers such as “the consumer has read, understood, and waived rights” often does not meet the transparency and fairness requirements under EU law.
- Different Legal Logic and Mandatory Provisions
- Under civil law, contractual interpretation can be anchored in principles of good faith, social/economic fairness, and mandatory code provisions. These are not purely optional add-ons but deeply embedded in how courts approach contract disputes.
- A purely “common law” approach to disclaimers and risk allocation may end up in direct conflict with these foundational civil law doctrines, making the contract (or large parts of it) unenforceable.
- Risk of Partial Nullity
- If a civil law court finds that material clauses conflict with consumer protection or other mandatory local provisions, it may either (i) rewrite them (to the consumer’s advantage) or (ii) declare them null and void. This can lead to unpredictable outcomes that are worse for the operator than if the contract had been drafted from the start under a suitable civil law framework.
Summary of Legal Statement
- Choice of Law Limits: Even if English law is chosen in a yacht charter agreement, a consumer in the EU typically retains protection under the law of their habitual residence pursuant to Article 6 of Rome I.
- Jurisdiction Limits: Under Brussels I (Recast), consumers generally have the right to sue in their home courts, and they cannot usually be forced into a foreign court or arbitration seat if mandatory consumer rules provide otherwise.
- No Simple “Fix” via Riders: Attempting to “adapt” a common-law-based MYBA contract with riders does not fully reconcile the fundamental differences between English common law and EU civil law, nor does it circumvent mandatory consumer protection. Core clauses (particularly those limiting liability or restricting forum) are likely to be invalidated if they conflict with civil code provisions or are found unfair under EU consumer law.
- Practical Consequence: The operator (e.g., a Croatian or Spanish charter provider) who uses an English-law MYBA contract with an EU consumer (e.g., German) risks partial or complete unenforceability of key contract clauses. If a dispute arises, local consumer protection rules and courts in the consumer’s domicile will likely govern, regardless of a contractual choice of English law.
Conclusion: Because of Rome I’s Article 6 and the Brussels I (Recast) Regulation on jurisdiction, combined with the overarching EU consumer protection regime, it is inherently problematic to impose a purely English-law-based charter contract upon an EU consumer in a civil law setting. The structural differences in legal doctrines, mandatory consumer rules, and jurisdictional guarantees for consumers can override large portions of a standard MYBA form. In practice, reliance on such a contract creates significant legal uncertainty and enforcement risk, which cannot be cured by small contractual riders or disclaimers.
An Economic View on the Matter:
The MYBA “Stakeholder” Mechanism
Under a typical MYBA Charter Agreement, the broker is not only acting as an intermediary but also as a stakeholder. This means:
- Payment Schedule
- The charterer usually pays the charter fee in two or three installments—often 50% upon signing and 50% a few weeks before the start date.
- These funds are held in the broker’s client account (“stakeholder account”).
- Release of Funds
- Under the standard form, the broker will generally not release the entire charter fee to the owner in advance.
- Instead, the funds often remain in escrow until the charter is completed and any disputes or claims are resolved (or, at a minimum, the broker has no reason to continue holding the funds).
- Rationale
- This system aims to protect both parties: it reassures the charterer that the owner will deliver the yacht and the agreed-upon services, while also guaranteeing the owner that the charterer has paid the fees into a secure account.
- The broker, acting as stakeholder, is theoretically neutral, holding the funds in trust.
Why This Is a Disadvantage for Owners
- Upfront Cost Burden
- Despite a portion of the charter fee being paid into the stakeholder account, the owner frequently must pay all operational costs upfront: crew wages, berthing fees, insurance, maintenance, and any special preparations for the charter.
- If the MYBA contract is strict about releasing funds only after completion, the owner is effectively financing the entire charter operation before receiving net proceeds.
- Risk of Charterer’s Claims
- If the charterer complains (e.g., about the condition of the yacht, itinerary changes, or service quality), the broker may withhold funds pending resolution. In some scenarios, the broker may wait for a formal settlement or arbitration/court decision.
- The owner, therefore, faces the possibility of long delays in getting paid—or, in the worst case, not getting paid at all if the dispute drags on and the charterer’s claims are upheld or settled unfavorably.
- Cash Flow and Liquidity Issues
- Because the owner is deprived of operating funds until after the charter ends, it can create significant cash flow pressure—especially if multiple charters are arranged back-to-back.
- Smaller or less capitalized operators can find themselves in a precarious financial position, essentially reliant on the broker’s release of funds.
- Limited Leverage Once the Charter Has Begun
- After the yacht is delivered and cruising has started, the owner’s leverage is low because the broker controls the stakeholder account. If disputes arise (even minor ones), the broker may be compelled to hold back a substantial sum until clarity is reached.
Contractual and Practical Considerations
- Potential Workarounds
- Earlier Partial Releases: Owners sometimes negotiate a phased release schedule (e.g., a portion of the funds released to the owner on commencement of the charter).
- APA (Advanced Provisioning Allowance): Under MYBA, the APA typically goes directly to the yacht (to the captain’s account) for fuel, food, and other expenses. However, it may not cover all overhead or capital costs (like insurance, crew salaries, or mortgages).
- Amended Stakeholder Clauses: In some bespoke agreements (or via addenda), owners and brokers agree that “no claims” or “minor disputes” will only result in withholding a specific amount (e.g., an agreed percentage) rather than the entire sum.
- Broker vs. Escrow Agent
- Some owners prefer an independent escrow agent (e.g., a law firm’s client account) rather than the broker. This can add neutrality and sometimes more predictable rules for when and how funds are released.
- Commercial Terms
- Highly sought-after or well-capitalized owners sometimes have the market power to insist on more favorable terms. Conversely, owners operating standard MYBA forms in a competitive market often must accept the usual stakeholder arrangement to secure bookings.
- Legal Risks
- If the contract is governed by English law (as most MYBA standard forms are), the stakeholder arrangement is valid in principle. However, local mandatory rules (e.g., EU consumer protection for a private charterer) could influence how disputes are resolved.
- If the charterer is considered a consumer, local or EU consumer laws might further complicate or delay the release of funds, since the broker (as stakeholder) may fear liability if releasing funds prematurely to the owner.
Conclusion and “Statement” on the Disadvantage
Statement:
“The MYBA contract’s typical stakeholder clause, whereby the broker holds the charter fee in escrow until the charter’s end, imposes a substantial financial burden on the owner/operator. Owners must often cover all operational and capital expenses upfront without guaranteed access to the charter fee. In the event of disputes—especially with consumer charterers—the broker may withhold funds for extended periods, effectively depriving the owner of compensation. While this structure aims to protect charterers and instill trust in the yachting industry, it remains a significant disadvantage for owners, who face potential cash flow issues and heightened risk if the charterer raises any claims.”
Owners should carefully assess this aspect of MYBA contracts and, where feasible, negotiate partial or phased payment releases or use an independent escrow agent to mitigate the downside risk of delayed or withheld funds.
A Financial & Legal View on the Matter
I want to draw your attention on another very important issues surrounding brokers acting as stakeholders (escrow holders) in EU jurisdictions—especially in places like Germany, where only certain regulated professions (attorneys, notaries, tax advisors) can legally maintain protected trust accounts (z. B. “Anwalts-Anderkonto”). This creates problems when a standard MYBA contract assumes the broker can hold client funds in escrow.
- Limited Ability to Hold Escrow in the EU
- In many EU countries (e.g., Germany, Austria, France), strict regulations govern who may hold client monies in a segregated, insolvency-protected trust account. Typically, only attorneys, notaries, and sometimes tax advisors with a legal duty of neutrality and professional liability insurance can offer such escrow services.
- A yacht broker (unlike a lawyer or notary) generally does not have the legal status to run a protected trust account in these jurisdictions. A typical broker’s “client account” is not automatically recognized as a valid escrow account under local law.
- Risk of Insolvency
- If the broker becomes insolvent or bankrupt, funds in the broker’s business/client account may not be immune to seizure by creditors. A true attorney’s trust account (Anderkonto) in Germany, for instance, remains separate from the attorney’s personal or firm assets—meaning creditors cannot touch it.
- With a broker’s standard account, there is no such robust ring-fencing, so owners and charterers risk losing money if the broker’s finances collapse.
- Neutrality and Professional Duties
- In jurisdictions with regulated escrow accounts, the escrow agent has legal duties to remain neutral and release funds only according to the escrow agreement. This is not automatically guaranteed if the broker is simply playing the stakeholder role without any professional licensing.
- If disputes arise (e.g., charterer complains about yacht condition), the broker may be caught between commercial interests, loyalty to the owner, and the duty to protect the charterer’s funds—without a clear legal framework dictating how and when to release money.
- Conflict With MYBA “Stakeholder” Assumptions
- The MYBA form traditionally contemplates the broker as a neutral stakeholder holding charter fees. In many EU civil-law jurisdictions, this role conflicts with local rules on who may maintain client funds under escrow.
- As a result, the standard MYBA arrangement may not align with local law or best practices. Relying on a broker’s account might be legally precarious—and in some cases, it could be challenged for not meeting statutory escrow requirements.
- Possible Solutions
- Use a licensed professional escrow agent: For instance, an attorney, notary, or escrow company authorized in the relevant EU country, holding the funds in a legally recognized trust account.
- Amend MYBA form: Incorporate a clause that designates a locally qualified stakeholder (e.g., law firm trust account) instead of the broker.
- Insurance or Bond: Ensure the broker, if acting as stakeholder, provides evidence of insurance or bonding that would cover any shortfalls due to insolvency, though this still may not satisfy strict local escrow rules.
Summary Statement
“In several EU jurisdictions, a yacht broker cannot lawfully operate a fully protected trust account akin to an attorney or notary’s ‘Anderkonto.’ This legal mismatch creates a significant risk for both charterers and owners if the broker holds charter funds. In the event of the broker’s insolvency or a dispute, the funds may not be protected from creditors nor properly neutral. Consequently, the standard MYBA escrow (‘stakeholder’) clause, which assumes the broker’s ability to hold funds securely, runs into potential conflict with mandatory local rules. Owners and charterers should consider using a regulated escrow agent or amending the contractual mechanism to ensure legal compliance and financial security.”
A final View on the Role of a Broker
MYBA-affiliated brokers often use the standard as a collective “Must” as members of MYBA. MYBA contract template acting merely as executors rather than questioning or adapting the document to local realities:
Strict “Industry Standards” vs. case related Flexibility
- Prescribed Template: MYBA, as a prominent association in the yachting industry, strongly recommends or essentially mandates that its members use the in-house standard contract. Background is also that MYBA gets a partly fee from each numbered contract used. As a result, there is little perceived room for customized adjustments.
- Advantage: From MYBA’s perspective, this uniformity ensures consistency, transparency, and meets market expectations; many brokers are accustomed to working with the standard form.
- Disadvantage: In complex situations—particularly involving EU consumer protection law, local legal requirements, or taxation—a one-size-fits-all approach can be problematic. Brokers typically do not consider the specific legal context of each EU member state or the unique risk profile of the yacht owner or charterer.
The Broker’s Role – “Executives Without Reflective Input”
- Lack of Legal Counsel: Especially in civil law jurisdictions (e.g., Germany, France, Spain), parts of the contract ideally should be adapted to national law. However, brokers are not attorneys and generally do not feel responsible for providing legal advice or subjecting the contract to a thorough legal review.
- Organizational vs. Legal Expertise: In practice, brokers focus primarily on administrative tasks—arranging the deal, scheduling, handling payments (as “stakeholder”), etc. They typically lack the capacity or authority to advise on legal enforceability or local legal peculiarities, particularly if they operate internationally but do not maintain in-house legal teams.
- Dependence on MYBA Guidelines: If brokers are part of MYBA and must follow its rules, they rely on the provided templates. Asking questions or altering them may (from their perspective) lead to unnecessary complications or friction with MYBA guidelines.
The Risk of “False Security”
- Ignorance as a Risk Factor: Brokers who simply adopt the contract may overlook the possibility that certain clauses are legally invalid or disadvantageous to the owner/operator under local law—especially in consumer contexts. In disputes, this can pose significant risks (e.g., invalid jurisdiction clauses, ineffective liability limitations for consumer contracts).
- Limited Liability for Bad Advice: In many jurisdictions, brokers cannot be held liable for failing to provide legal advice; the parties themselves must seek legal counsel if needed. Hence, owners or charterers may be left to face any legal issues that arise on their own.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Short Statement:
“By routinely using MYBA standard contracts, affiliated brokers often ignore local legal particularities, including consumer protection and tax rules. Since brokers do not typically serve as legal advisors and are bound by MYBA guidelines, they tend to act in a purely executive capacity. As a result, owners and charterers should handle key contractual issues themselves—preferably with professional legal support—and request or insist on necessary amendments (via riders) when operating in EU jurisdictions.”
Recommendation: Yacht owners and charterers, especially in high-value or consumer-oriented charters, should seek independent legal advice rather than relying on a broker to ensure that the contract aligns with local legislation (e.g., civil law provisions, consumer protection, and tax obligations). A brief review by a qualified lawyer can prevent costly surprises when using a standardized document (like the MYBA form) in an EU market full of consumer and civil law regulations.
Note: This statement is provided for informational purposes. Parties facing these issues should seek specific advice from qualified lawyers in the relevant EU jurisdictions to fully address the consumer and cross-border enforcement complexities.
1. Hintergrund: Warum wird oft englisches Recht gewählt?
- Das englische Recht verfügt historisch über eine umfangreiche Rechtsprechung zu maritimen und schifffahrtsrechtlichen Streitigkeiten. Dies kann für manche Parteien zu größerer Rechtssicherheit (oder zumindest zu besserer Vorhersehbarkeit) führen.
- Parteien empfinden englische Gerichte oder Schiedsgerichte in London oftmals als besonders erfahren und spezialisiert auf maritime Angelegenheiten, inklusive Yachtcharter.
- Das MYBA-Chartervertragsmuster wird in der Branche gern als international anerkannter „Standard“ angesehen. Makler, Eigner, Kapitäne und Charterer weltweit kennen dessen Aufbau und Klauseln und nutzen es, um den Aufwand beim Aufsetzen neuer Verträge zu reduzieren.
- Achtung: Häufig sind jedoch weder die wirtschaftlichen noch die rechtlichen Konsequenzen allen Beteiligten klar. Es findet oft keine Einzelfallprüfung statt, ob diese „Standardform“ überhaupt passt.
2. Beispiel aus der Praxis
- Situation: Ein kroatischer Anbieter (Eigner oder Agent) vermietet eine Yacht an eine private deutsche Person (Verbraucher), die in Spanien reisen will.
- Vertrag: Standard-MYBA-Vertrag, englisches Recht, Gerichtsstand oder Schiedsort in England.
Praxiskonflikt: Obwohl sich der Ort (Spanien), die Parteien (Kroatien und Deutschland) und das Vertragsrecht (England) in unterschiedlichen Jurisdiktionen befinden, wird ein MYBA-Mustervertrag herangezogen – rein, weil dies als „Branchenstandard“ gilt. Das birgt Risiken, da in der EU zahlreiche verbraucherschützende Normen greifen, die vom englischen Recht abweichen können.
3. Wesentliche Risiken bei Verwendung eines englischen (außereuropäischen) Vertrags in EU-Gewässern
- Konflikt mit zwingenden EU-Verbraucherschutzvorschriften
- Bei einem privaten Charterer (Verbraucher) kann dessen nationales Verbraucherschutzrecht (z. B. deutsches Recht) Bestimmungen des Vertrags verdrängen, insbesondere bei Haftungsbeschränkungen oder Stornobedingungen.
- Klauseln, die gegen lokale „ordre public“-Standards verstoßen, gelten häufig als unwirksam.
- Komplikationen bei Streitbeilegung und Vollstreckung
- Post-Brexit: Ein englisches Gerichtsurteil ist nicht mehr automatisch in der EU vollstreckbar. Separate Anerkennungsverfahren nach nationalem Recht werden erforderlich.
- Selbst wenn ein englischer Gerichtsstand vereinbart ist, können nationale Gerichte (z. B. Spanien, Deutschland) sich für zuständig erklären, wenn Verbraucherschutz oder andere zwingende Normen tangiert sind.
- Steuer- und Umsatzsteuerunsicherheiten (VAT)
- Das MYBA-Formular behandelt die Umsatzsteuer oft nur oberflächlich; innerhalb der EU können aber komplexe VAT-Regeln gelten (Ort der Leistung, Flagge, lokale Vorschriften).
- Ohne abgestimmte steuerliche Struktur drohen unklare Haftungsfragen oder Nachforderungen lokaler Finanzbehörden.
- Nationale Seerechtsvorschriften und Genehmigungen
- In Kroatien oder Spanien bestehen oft spezielle Lizenzen und Vorschriften (Crew-Zertifikate, Sicherheitsstandards, Umweltvorgaben).
- Ein reiner Standardvertrag wie MYBA spiegelt diese Vorgaben nicht immer wider; Unwirksamkeit oder Bußgelder drohen.
- Unfaire Vertragsklauseln
- In vielen EU-Staaten gelten strenge Verbraucherschutzregeln. Überzogene Haftungsbegrenzungen oder Vertragsstrafen („penalty clauses“) können gerichtlich gekippt werden.
- Mehrschichtige Rechtslage
- Streitfälle werden komplex: Vertrag nach englischem Recht, Vollstreckung in Spanien, Verbraucherschutz nach deutschem Recht.
- Dies führt zu erheblichen Unsicherheiten, zusätzlichem Kostenaufwand und Zeitverlust.
4. Strukturelle Unterschiede zwischen Common Law und Zivilrecht
- Konzeptioneller Rahmen
- Im englischen Common Law ist vieles durch Gerichtsentscheidungen geprägt, mit großem Fokus auf Parteiautonomie.
- Im Zivilrecht (z. B. in Deutschland, Frankreich, Spanien) sind etliche Vorschriften kodifiziert und teils zwingend. Penalty-Klauseln, Haftungsbegrenzungen etc. werden oft gesetzlich reglementiert.
- Zwingende/Verbotene Klauseln
- Auch ein „Rider“ im MYBA-Vertrag kann nicht verhindern, dass nationale, zwingende Rechtsnormen (insbesondere Verbraucherschutzvorschriften) Teile des Vertrags für nichtig erklären.
- Übersetzung und Rechtsbegriffe
- Typisch englische Klauseln (z. B. „indemnity“, „consequential loss“, „warranty“) haben im Zivilrecht nicht immer Entsprechungen.
- Ein Zivilgericht stützt sich eher auf Gesetzestexte und Richtlinien als auf vertragliche „Verhandlungshistorie“.
5. Verbraucherschutz nach Rom I (Artikel 6)
- Zwingender Schutz des Verbrauchers
- Nach Artikel 6 Rom I gilt bei Verbraucherverträgen i. d. R. das Recht des gewöhnlichen Aufenthalts des Verbrauchers.
- Eine abweichende Rechtswahl (z. B. englisches Recht) kann diesen Schutz nicht aushebeln; die zwingenden Vorschriften des Heimatstaates des Verbrauchers bleiben anwendbar.
- Praktische Folgen
- Klauseln, die in England wirksam wären (z. B. Schiedsverpflichtung, Haftungsbegrenzung), können in der EU am Verbraucherschutz scheitern.
- Jegliche Formulierungen, die versuchen, Verbraucherrechte zu beschneiden, sind unwirksam, wenn sie nationalem (z. B. deutschem) Recht widersprechen.
6. Gerichtsstand, Prozessführung und Brüssel-Ia-Verordnung
- Klagebefugnis am Wohnsitz des Verbrauchers
- Nach der Brüssel-Ia-Verordnung (EU) 1215/2012 kann ein Verbraucher den Unternehmer im Heimatland verklagen.
- Eine Gerichtsstandsklausel „ausschließlich England“ ist gegen einen EU-Verbraucher meist nicht durchsetzbar.
- Vollstreckungsprobleme nach dem Brexit
- Englische Gerichtsurteile oder Schiedssprüche sind in der EU nicht mehr automatisch vollstreckbar.
- Für Schiedssprüche gibt es zwar das New Yorker Übereinkommen, doch nationale Gerichte können den Vollstreckungsantrag im Lichte des Verbraucherschutzes prüfen.
7. Warum eine bloße Anpassung (z. B. „Rider“) nicht genügt
- EU-Verbraucherrecht als Stolperfalle
- Die Richtlinie über missbräuchliche Klauseln (93/13/EWG) und nationale Umsetzungen können umfassend eingreifen.
- Breite Haftungsausschlüsse oder umfassende Indemnities sind oft angreifbar.
- Verschiedene Rechtslogik
- Zivilrechtliche Gerichte folgen kodifizierten Grundsätzen von Treu und Glauben und allgemeinen Verbraucherschutzgeboten.
- Ein rein Common-Law-geprägter Mustervertrag riskiert dort rasch Unwirksamkeit.
- Teilnichtigkeit
- Gerichte können wesentliche Vertragspassagen (z. B. Haftungsbeschränkungen) für nichtig erklären oder sie zum Vorteil des Verbrauchers umdeuten.
8. Zusammenfassung der rechtlichen Bewertung
- Grenzen der Rechtswahl: Auch bei englischem Recht behält ein EU-Verbraucher den Schutz seines Heimatrechts (Art. 6 Rom I).
- Grenzen der Gerichtsstandswahl: Der Verbraucher kann meist in seinem Wohnsitzstaat klagen; rein englische Gerichtsstandsklauseln sind oft unwirksam (Brüssel-Ia-Verordnung).
- Kein einfacher Ausweg per „Rider“: Der grundsätzliche Konflikt zwischen Common Law und Zivilrecht bleibt bestehen; zwingender Verbraucherschutz kann viele Klauseln aushebeln.
- Praxisfolge: Ein EU-Verbraucher kann im Streitfall lokale Gerichte anrufen und nationale Verbraucherschutzregeln geltend machen. Englisch-rechtliche Klauseln oder Schiedsvorgaben werden oft unterlaufen.
Fazit: Wegen Art. 6 Rom I, der Brüssel-Ia-Verordnung und des EU-Verbraucherschutzes ist die reine Anwendung englischen Rechts auf einen EU-Verbraucherproblematisch. Zentrale Vertragspunkte des MYBA-Standards drohen unwirksam zu werden; ein hoher Grad an Rechtsunsicherheit ist vorprogrammiert.
9. Ökonomische Betrachtung: Das MYBA-„Stakeholder“-Modell
Der MYBA-Vertrag sieht vor, dass der Broker als „Stakeholder“ die Chartergebühren treuhänderisch verwahrt:
- Zahlungsplan
- Üblich sind 50?% Anzahlung bei Vertragsschluss und 50?% einige Wochen vor Charterbeginn.
- Die Gelder landen auf dem Konto des Maklers (Stakeholder Account).
- Freigabe der Mittel
- Das Geld wird oft erst nach Charterende (und bei Streit teils erst nach dessen Beilegung) ganz freigegeben.
- Hintergrund: Sicherheit für beide Seiten – der Charterer zahlt nicht direkt an den Eigner, hat aber Gewissheit, dass die Mittel hinterlegt sind.
Warum ist dies für Eigner nachteilig?
- Vorfinanzierung von Betriebskosten
- Der Eigner trägt alle Kosten (Crew, Wartung, Versicherung) vorab und erhält das Geld erst nach Ende der Charter.
- Risiko von Reklamationen
- Bei Beschwerden des Charterers kann der Makler die Auszahlung blockieren, bis eine Klärung erfolgt.
- Cashflow-Probleme
- Eigner müssen u. U. mehrere Charters hintereinander vorfinanzieren und hängen am Goodwill des Maklers, wann Gelder freigegeben werden.
Statement
„Die Stakeholder-Klausel im MYBA-Vertrag bedeutet für den Eigner eine erhebliche finanzielle Vorleistung und das Risiko, dass die Chartereinnahmen bei Streit lange blockiert bleiben. Zwar fördert dies das Vertrauen des Charterers in die Abwicklung, doch für den Eigner entstehen mitunter beträchtliche Liquiditätsrisiken.“
10. Weitere rechtliche Aspekte: Broker als Treuhänder in der EU
In vielen EU-Ländern (z. B. Deutschland, Österreich, Frankreich) dürfen nur bestimmte Berufsgruppen (Rechtsanwälte, Notare, Steuerberater) rechtssicher Treuhandkonten führen:
- Eingeschränkte Treuhandfähigkeit
- Yachtmakler besitzen in diesen Ländern keine Befugnis, ein insolvenzfestes Anderkonto zu betreiben.
- Bei Insolvenz des Maklers sind die Chartergelder daher u. U. nicht geschützt.
- Neutralität und gesetzliche Pflichten
- Anwälte/Notare sind gesetzlich zur strikten Neutralität und zum Wertersatz verpflichtet. Ein Makler unterliegt keiner solchen Berufspflicht.
- Kommt es zum Streit, kann der Makler in Interessenkonflikte geraten.
- Konflikt mit MYBA-Standardannahmen
- Der MYBA-Vertrag geht davon aus, dass der Makler als „Stakeholder“ das Geld sicher verwahren kann.
- Dies steht in manchen EU-Rechtsordnungen im Widerspruch zu den Vorgaben für Treuhandkonten.
Mögliche Lösungen
- Lizenzierter Treuhänder: Statt des Maklers könnte ein Anwalt/Notar als Treuhänder fungieren.
- Vertragsanpassung: Das MYBA-Muster kann so modifiziert werden, dass die Hinterlegung bei einem lokal zugelassenen Treuhanddienstleister erfolgt.
- Versicherung oder Bürgschaft: Wenn der Makler die Gelder weiterhin hält, sollte eine ausreichende Versicherung oder Bürgschaft zur Insolvenzabsicherung vorhanden sein.
Zusammenfassendes Zitat
„In mehreren EU-Staaten kann ein Makler kein vollwertiges Treuhandkonto führen, wie es ein Anwalt oder Notar darf. Das klassische MYBA-Stakeholder-Konzept kollidiert hier mit lokalem Recht. Bei Insolvenz oder Streit sind die Gelder nicht sicher. Um Rechts- und Finanzrisiken zu vermeiden, sollten sich Charterer und Eigner überlegen, einen befugten Treuhänder einzuschalten oder den Vertrag entsprechend anzupassen.“
11. Rolle des Brokers in der Praxis
Makler, die MYBA-Mitglied sind, nutzen häufig das Standarddokument ohne tiefgehende Prüfung lokaler Rechtsbesonderheiten:
- Branchenstandard vs. Flexibilität
- MYBA gibt seinen Mitgliedern die Verwendung des hauseigenen Formulars vor (gegen Gebühr).
- Vorteile: Einheitlichkeit, Marktakzeptanz.
- Nachteile: Fehlende Anpassung an lokale Vorschriften (EU-Verbraucherschutz, Steuerrecht, etc.).
- Makler als „Ausführende“ ohne Rechtsberatung
- Makler sind keine Anwälte und fühlen sich oft nicht verantwortlich für rechtliche Beratung oder Risikoaufklärung.
- Komplexe Themen wie Gerichtsstandsfragen, Haftungsbegrenzungen oder Zwangsvollstreckung in der EU werden kaum erörtert.
- Risiko einer Scheinsicherheit
- Parteien nehmen an, mit dem „Branchenstandard“ rechtlich abgesichert zu sein.
- Tatsächlich können wesentliche Klauseln bei einem Verbrauchercharter in der EU gekippt werden.
Kurzstatement
„Die übliche Praxis, das MYBA-Standardformular ungeprüft zu nutzen, birgt erhebliche Risiken, da viele Makler sich nicht als Rechtsberater sehen. Insbesondere bei Verbrauchern und in EU-Rechtsordnungen kann dies im Streitfall zu bösen Überraschungen führen.“
12. Empfehlung und Fazit
- Unabhängige Rechtsberatung
- Eigner und Charterer, besonders bei hochpreisigen oder komplexen Charterverträgen, sollten immer einen eigenen Anwalt hinzuziehen, um sicherzustellen, dass das Dokument rechtskonform ist.
- Anpassung an EU-Recht
- Wer mit EU-Verbrauchern agiert, sollte bedenken, dass wesentliche Klauseln des MYBA-Vertrags (z.?B. Gerichtsstand, Haftungsbegrenzung, Schiedsvereinbarungen) vor Gericht eventuell nicht halten.
- Treuhandfrage klären
- In Ländern mit streng geregelten Treuhandkonten kann die Rolle des Maklers als „Stakeholder“ rechtlich problematisch sein.
- Zusammengefasst„Ein kurzer juristischer Check kann teure Streitigkeiten und Unsicherheiten vermeiden. Das MYBA-Formular ist nicht per se ungeeignet, erfordert jedoch – gerade bei Verbraucherverträgen und in verschiedenen EU-Staaten – eine sorgfältige Prüfung und mögliche Anpassungen (Rider), um den lokal geltenden rechtlichen Anforderungen zu genügen.“
Hinweis: Diese Darstellung dient rein informativen Zwecken und stellt keine Rechtsberatung dar. Für konkrete Einzelfälle sollten qualifizierte Rechtsanwälte und Steuerberater im jeweiligen EU-Land konsultiert werden, um die komplexen Aspekte des Verbraucherschutzes, der Steuern und der Vollstreckung zu beurteilen.